Posts Tagged ‘finace’
Saturday, September 12th, 2009
Frbiz.com, one of China’s leading B2B industry websites, reports microwave ovens that hot on sale on internet.
Glanz D8023CTL-K4 microwave oven: the price is 459 RMB. Glanz D8023CTL-K4 microwave oven in the shape, use white design, the body adopt advanced baking finish technology, and the colour match up with the kitchen appliances were harmonious. Streamlined shape highlights the microwave oven generous appearance.
The microwave oven’s maximum input power is 800W. It uses a computer-style control mode, and 5T Liner material, while it has 23 litres capacity. It has five kinds of microwave cooking fire, and also has automatic menu function, which is convenient for consumer use.
LG MG5348MWM microwave oven: the price is about 998 RMB Model highlights: very beautiful appearance, practical function. Worth mentioning is its use of light tubes and amethyst tube, the two different stacking bop, heat inside and outside evenly. The price is around one thousand yuan and is also the public family choice. The LG MG5348MWM microwave oven uses a black-and-white design, which seems simple and generous. Located on the right side is the menu button. Many commonly used features users can choose directly, and save the adjustment process. This is absolutely practical for consumers. The LG MG5348MWM microwave oven uses patented microwave circular liner technology, an innovative type furnace structure that expands the use of inside space, and the use of the furnace to form the ring reflection to heat food at 360-degrees. It is an effective saving of resources.
Midea’s KD23B QQ microwave oven: the price is about 1,045 RMB. Midea’s KD23B QQ microwave oven exterior design is quite distinctive, the body uses silver colour, and its right has 12 kinds of touch-up menus, the operation is very convenient. Stainless steel liner ensures the life of microwave ovens.
It maximum input power is 1350W, capacity reaches 23L. Midea’s KD23B QQ uses a computer-style control mode, with light waves, microwaves and ultraviolet sterilize functions. For the average family these functions are practical.
If you are interested in microwave oven you can search for them on www.frbiz.com where can provide you high quality products and good service.
About Frbiz.com, Frbiz.com is a promising e-commerce company and a leading vertical search engine company in China. Frbiz.com offers a variety of high quality products such as car radio player, travel pillow inflatable, mp3 car charger and many more.
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Monday, May 18th, 2009
by Zou cheaponsale
Through the cessation of mainstream support for Windows XP free of accuse to trade your services to realise the intent of Windows Vista. And for the approaching Windows 7 to make way. Microsoft’s move, China’s Han several bona fide Microsoft retail heart.
April 12, Microsoft publically put an end to the free Windows XP mainstream support services. In augmentation to the Extended Hotfix Support bond enterprise users, Microsoft will no longer give security amendments for the running procedure of any redevelopment services.
While piracy in China is well-known phenomenon, but there are also a large number of genuine users. The vast majority of China’s current brand of computer, but also a genuine factory pre-installed operating system. Starting today, the XP user will no longer get protection from Microsoft. They only have to pin their hopes on a powerful antivirus software and hackers lenient.
Dr. Ding Tai-an’s in 2008 acquired a Acer notebook computers, the computer was pre-installed authentic functioning scheme Vista. However, ownership of a gigantic allowance of assets Vista as well as enlist in easy convoluted rank quo, in order that he re-select the XP functioning system. With 360 security sentries, Dr. Ding can flow from the Internet to get timely revisions of Microsoft patches.
“Is not piracy, I would like to choose. I can also use a genuine copy of Vista, and I is not no chance. However, Microsoft should at least come up with convincing sincerity products. Many of my friends will become a Vista downgrade XP, if Microsoft trying to stop the practice of XP update to meet the purpose of marketing new products, which is so difficult to accept. ”
Compared with Dr. Ding, Miss Zhou Weifang, Shandong Institute of sentiment is even greater. First in rank to save wealth, Miss Zhou in their own computers to fit a pirated Office software. However, due to compatibility and other justifications, has not. Miss Yu Shizhou all the programs redevelopment as genuine. She was like XP running system.
“Simple and convenient. This is what I have observed Microsoft’s best invention” cited to was full of congratulate for Miss Zhou XP procedure, and then modified the subject, on unfavorable judgment from Microsoft’s New Deal to “However, I have not modified the running procedure intention. But Microsoft has been impelled to change my mind. ”
“While legitimate users can spend very little cash, the scheme improvement to Windows 7, but why should I upgrade? I will have to use, Microsoft has abruptly inquired me to add cash to purchase its new products. Perhaps his new merchandise very good, but I do not need to. If I turned down the Microsoft’s good aims, then it means that I will no longer be defended by Microsoft. I do not have a patch to improvement the scheme, all the hacker can take benefit of new very dark aperture to strike me. I, as a legitimate client, users have the identical worry and piracy “very aggrieved Miss Zhou deplored to reporters.
Indifferent to the authentic retail investors to be defended, enterprise-class users to enforce green eyes. Some netizens said annoyingly to the swap to Linux subglottic. Microsoft in the international functioning scheme monopoly, in order that his every move have been anxieties of users. If you do not address from the user’s voice, but from the viewpoint of the concerns of the business to start, then Microsoft’s practices will be interrogated by many users.
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Friday, May 15th, 2009
by Zou
The melodies commerce today has come to a bottom. From the starting of 2008, there is no blaze in a recital, not a newcomer to shatter out of the market presentation over the board to shrink, record businesses proceed out of enterprise one after another layoff, the stepwise disintegrate of the commerce as a entire is facing.
And the record business which is the environment of the wireless market, has become a super large-scale casino corruption. Make cash now in the wireless is not the directions have been encouraging this stupid recital a very naive concept of the. And brush on the register, joined up, mass, but anecdotes we did not discover about these periods, counts on the connection between operators, the connection with the recital itself has not been.
Of course, the music market will never go bad so quickly and now the dawn, ushered in by the end of 2008 restructuring and 3G operators license issued by China Mobile, Unicom, the three major telecom operators. At present, the new telecommunications and the new Unicom music in re-building platform, telecommunications platform for the Central Conservatory of Music just to complete the tendering exercise to identify a new operations support company, China Unicom will be May 17 in Japan Telecom to launch 3G music business and a new music platform. After the three operators will be the three major music platform to engage in healthy competition.
The reorganization of the operators do not have too high prospects
3G high expectations for the music business, many people suddenly into the sci-fi fantasy like a better world. But I am sorry, 3G is a step-by-step arrival of. In the new music platform for operators also need a long-building platforms and business, there are a lot of detours to go and many problems to be solved. Mainly internal system operators and officials of the limitations of ideology-based, together with the Central Conservatory of Music platform of relations with the provinces to deal with branches, as well as technical issues such as public relations. Let the music industry these are also going through a painful and long wait for the process to get to dawn. I personally estimate that the need for “fixed-line operator of the proposed platform for the development of music” more than 3 years, many music companies are likely to starve to death waiting for the road.
Therefore, if the trusts on the operator who then bound to a digital tunes, how is a dead board. But not ever one day the thoroughfare, tunes, digital tunes goods produced market, not just wireless tunes enterprise, it will not be controlled by one operator.
Previously, the primary tunes enterprise operators, the users and seaport accusations are operators. All SP’s selling, are in addition commencing to the end customer is the operator. Internet tunes paid as a effect of constricted means and piracy troubles have not improved. Previously, nine days, Whale Music, for instance bona fide subscriber foundation as a effect of tiny paths do not have the monopoly, users do not have the supplies, so struggling. However, there are some portable handset tunes enterprise do financial gatherings and Internet oversized creatures, they have the monopoly operator of these superiority, users not only have tough supplies and seaport accusations, and there are some superiority of the new operators not available. So it is with the operators against the tunes business.
3G music market is still full of variables
Many people think that 3G is the telecom operator’s 3G, in fact, this is a mistake. Because new technology is always a insurgents, not only to subvert the opponent, but also to subvert their own. 3G technology is a double-edged sword, and even may be carriers of the gravedigger. 3G operators in the development of new business, but also opened up a Pandora’s Box and out of control, the previous operator closed environment will be torn a large gap, the future is wireless Internet network and online integration platform, operators will be caught sooner or later, open the quagmire of the Internet.
Digital tunes from a overriding operator in this circumstances will before long be broken. As a effect of the prevailing operators and the ring CRBT enterprise has been wrapped up in the progressive death of more than 80% of client wages is passive users (bound), take the opening to client users CRBT assessed less than 20%, This presentations that the ring sound have been Like with the store and actual property area is a very large bubble, and the bubble will ultimately broke day. Therefore, operators may before long be wireless in the conventional tunes enterprise is looking at drowned. Future movements in the tunes enterprise is a tunes download, download full-song era statutes, not the scope of the operator controlled. Therefore, one time the operators ringtones polyphonic ringtones aged enterprise bubble broke, and the new full-song download enterprise is not no tougher and stronger. Then, in the new open surroundings of 3G, operators are in all likelihood to show a total collapse in the tunes enterprise, the customer most of the forfeit situation.
The future of the music business will be a one-stop solutions, including wireless networks, on-line Internet, a variety of handheld devices (mobile phones, the Internet) and so on. To users who can easily tap water as the provision of music business, that is, “everywhere in the music,” then the market who the winner is.
The three most agreeing tunes financial gathering
We let us not cite to the “hardware + platform” type, Apple iTunes, their force in China will take some time. Tencent in addition let us not cite to such a immense customer of the financial gathering, because of it has not fully completed bona fide, and the tunes enterprise is fastened up and other configuration of business. Of course, let us not cite to this kind of piracy place Baidu.
We summed up the three most promising to do genuine music business. They were introduced just before a period of genuine music search download google, Sina music library, as well as Nokia. The three not only have the powerful resources of users and operators to users than high-end, higher brand loyalty; they are not only the music business as an important strategy, and a better understanding than the operators of Internet music this new knowledge of business operations.
When the Internet giant and mobile phone giant has also come in to kill time, users are not operators, or even steal from the hands of the user operator. Operator is a monopoly of the rules of closed and open rules of the Internet will allow operators of thinking taken by surprise. With the 3G wireless technology, telephone charges will eventually be more and more expensive, and even tended to be free, operators will be the same as QQ, basic services free, relying mainly on value-added services and fees. And value-added services in the most basic of business is music, so the key in the music business, operators will be affected by these Internet predators and mobile phone giant joint attacks, which on the whole telecom industry into the invasion.
Not only is each of the three, the last two years has been extensively rumored, Apple iTunes, Wal-Mart, Motorola, and more other oversized creatures in the layout of the Chinese tunes market, but time did not entirely mature. Now, nations in the world is dedicated to fortifying the security of sophisticated real estate, copyright and commenced to alter the Internet market, as well as 3G and other new technologies to realise step-by-step, the possibility is ripe. The future of digital tunes market, and the total telecom market will view very different.
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Friday, May 15th, 2009
News April 28, Nortel Networks is an application to allow the Ontario Court to be extended for three months of bankruptcy protection, as Nortel Networks are working to develop a viable restructuring plan.
Supervision of a court-appointed Nortel Networks restructuring in Canada, Ernst & Young of the body to the Ontario Court written material said, Nortel Networks restructuring arrange in addition need to advance the allotment of time in rank to deduce a approach accepted to the reorganization.
Nortel Networks in January of this year in the United States and Canada to ask for for bankruptcy protection. In February this year, Nortel Networks in Canada’s bankruptcy security was a three-month extension. The deadline for Nortel Networks in May 1 to submit a reorganization plan. However, Ernst & Young said in the written material, Nortel Networks need until July 30 in order that enterprise can be ready.
It is widely speculated Nortel Networks will sell its three main business of one or two to help it more than 10 billion dollars to repay debt. However, so far there have been no transactions.
Nortel Networks in Research Triangle Park (Research Triangle Park) has 2000 employees, mostly the output of gear required for large-scale enterprises. The procedure of this part has been good in the heart of Nortel Networks enterprise unit. Declared bankruptcy defence after the sale of Nortel Networks may be in this part may furthermore be the centre part as its maintained.
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Monday, May 11th, 2009
The health care industry or health profession treats and tends to patients who are injured, sick, disabled, or infirm. The delivery of modern health care depends on an expanding interdisciplinary team of trained professionals.
Delivery of services The healthcare industry includes the delivery of health services by health care providers. Usually such services are paid for by the patient or by the patient’s insurance company; although they may be government-financed (such as the National Health Service in the United Kingdom) or delivered by charities or volunteers, particularly in poorer countries. The structure of healthcare charges can also vary dramatically among countries. For instance, unlike the United States, Chinese hospital charges tend toward 50% for drugs, another major percentage for equipment, and a small percentage for healthcare professional fees.[3]
There are many ways of providing healthcare in the modern world. The most common way is face-to-face delivery, where care provider and patient see each other ‘in the flesh’. This is what occurs in general medicine in most countries. However, healthcare is not always face-to-face; with modern telecommunications technology, in absentia health care is becoming more common. This could be when practitioner and patient communicate over the phone, video conferencing, the internet, email, text messages, or any other form of non-face-to-face communication.
[edit] Medical tourism Main article: Medical tourism
Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism or global healthcare) is a term initially coined by travel agencies and the mass media to describe the rapidly-growing practice of traveling across international borders to obtain health care.
Such services typically include elective procedures as well as complex specialized surgeries such as joint replacement (knee/hip), cardiac surgery, dental surgery, and cosmetic surgeries. However, virtually every type of health care, including psychiatry, alternative treatments, convalescent care and even burial services are available. As a practical matter, providers and customers commonly use informal channels of communication-connection-contract, and in such cases this tends to mean less regulatory or legal oversight to assure quality and less formal recourse to reimbursement or redress, if needed.
Over 50 countries have identified medical tourism as a national industry.[4] However, accreditation and other measures of quality vary widely across the globe, and there are risks and ethical issues that make this method of accessing medical care controversial. Also, some destinations may become hazardous or even dangerous for medical tourists to contemplate.
History
Growth The health care industry is one of the world’s largest and fastest-growing industries.[5] Consuming over 10 percent of gross domestic product of most developed nations, health care can form an enormous part of a country’s economy. In 2003, health care costs paid to hospitals, physicians, nursing homes, diagnostic laboratories, pharmacies, medical device manufacturers and other components of the health care system, consumed 15.3 percent[6] of the GDP of the United States, the largest of any country in the world. For United States, the health share of gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to hold steady in 2006 before resuming its historical upward trend, reaching 19.6 percent of GDP by 2016. [7] In 2001, for the OECD countries the average was 8.4 percent [8] with the United States (13.9%), Switzerland (10.9%), and Germany (10.7%) being the top three.
US healthcare expenditures totaled US$2.2 trillion in 2006.[9] According to Health Affairs, USD$7,498 will be spent on every woman, man and child in the United States in 2007, 20 percent of all spending. Costs are projected to increase to $12,782 by 2016.
Transformation
China has implemented a long-term transformation of its healthcare industry, beginning in the 1980’s. Over the first twenty-five years of this transformation, government contributions to healthcare expenditures have dropped from 36% to 15%, with the burden of managing this decrease falling largely on patients. Also over this period, a small proportion of state-owned hospitals have been privatized. As an incentive to privatization, foreign investment in hospitals - up to 70% ownership - has been encouraged.
Tags: a, auto, auto news, business, c, career, computer, e, f, fashion, finace, g, government, h, hardware, health, Health & Fitness, industry, m, music, news, o, p, politics, product, r, review, s, society, u
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Monday, May 11th, 2009
by Zou cheaponsale
On the 4th floor in the five swapping record town cost on a new high since the 54.47 U.S. dollars / barrel after, NYMEX crude oil cost on the 5th stage of electrical devices swapping round 54 U.S. dollars in the vicinity. Despite the power market provide and demand position is still loose, but the latest supply market advanced financial facts and numbers and some investors accept as factual that the flaw in the oil market provide and demand position of the initial board is anticipated to break.
Data on the oil market and encourage macro-warmer
On the 4th floor in the deal, announced Monday the United States and into housing construction spending rose sales contract, by the support, the U.S. stock market higher all day, the Dow Jones Industrial Index and the Nasdaq index was up 2.61 percent, respectively, and 2.58%. This makes the energy market investors believe that oil demand will recover in the future effectively. NYMEX crude oil futures contract settlement price in June rose 1.27 U.S. dollars the same day, to 54.47 U.S. dollars, or 2.4%, a record November 24, 2008 the highest closing price since.
In supplement, on the 5th of the power market has furthermore been support from the supply market. Beijing the identical day as at 19:06, the British FTSE 100 catalogue was at 4371.07 points, up 3.01 per hundred after gains. Li accepts as factual that the medium-term futures investigator, the supply market up to reinforce the feeble market demand for advanced self-assurance in the future, and the increase in oil charges is by this self-assurance boost.
It is worth mentioning is that the commodity market as a whole is also expected to support this, as at 21 o’clock on the 5th, on behalf of the overall trend of commodity prices has risen to the CRB index of 387.71, set a November 4 last year since a new high.
Although the U.S. crude oil stocks since 1990 has risen to the highest level, and a survey, to be released Wednesday week U.S. crude oil inventory data will increase further, but analysts think that the market for the supply and demand has been relaxed to fully digest the information. In order to seek new capital gains, speculative capital markets need to find a subject matter outside speculation.
Another environs of worry presently on the market distilled on the Federal Reserve will be advertised May 7 of the 19 greatest banks in the insist investigate results. National Bank of Australia’s substance vitality economist Ben Westmore that if these banks to add the needed capital to sanction the market to be astonished, this will make the store market and vitality market is looking at new pressure.
Mobility inducements
In addition to economic data and the stock market to improve the consumer is expected to bring about the good, the financial side as well as the increasingly lenient including bulk commodities, including crude oil prices brought about by power.
5, the British Bankers Association in March issued LIBOR U.S. dollar plunged 2 foundation points, arriving at 0.99 out of 100, 1 out of 100 under the first level. In March over the matching interval U.S. dollar LIBOR and overnight indicator swap rates (OIS) is the interest rate differential between the tapering 78 foundation points to bang a September 1 last year, the least since.
In Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy protection, the market panic has led to three-month LIBOR U.S. dollars in October last year had climbed to 4.82%, LIBOR-OIS (LIBOR - the interest rate and overnight index swaps) spreads surged to 3.64 %, while the average level of five years prior to about 0.26%. After, with the U.S. government and Federal Reserve to provide the size of the 12.8 trillion U.S. dollars of funds to save the banking system, LIBOR only begin to come down. The current LIBOR and LIBOR-OIS level means that the cost of capital markets are at a rare low. Some analysts believe that this means that speculative funds can be leveraged to obtain lower costs, rising commodity and stock prices and other assets. Moreover, the market is also worried about potential inflation may lead to demand for commodity hedging, thereby pushing up prices.
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Sunday, May 10th, 2009
by zou
China National Offshore Oil Corporation advertised first quarter effects, total profits diminished 41.9 out of 100 year-on-year to 13.95 billion yuan (RMB, matching below), chiefly due to the plunge in oil costs produced by the consequence of the sales price.
Group Executive Director Yang Hua said in a conference call, although the impact of economic recession and natural gas demand, production fell slightly in the first quarter, but its full-year 225,000,000 to 2.3 million barrels of oil equivalent production target has not changed.
The first quarter of 41.56 U.S. dollars charge to realise
Day Group the first quarter of the total snare yield of 567,000 barrels of oil matching, an boost of 15% year-on-year, of which crude oil and petroleum fluids output expanded by 19.7% to 469,000 barrels per day. Natural gas output declined somewhat by about 4% to 560 million cubic feet per day.
As part of the sale, the Group functioning earnings, crude oil and petroleum fluids incomes dropped 45.6 per hundred to 122 billion, throughout the realization of 41.56 U.S. dollars per barrel oil charges, down more than half of the identical time span last year. Gas incomes declined 3.8 per hundred to 13.5 billion, throughout the realization of natural gas sales cost per 1000 cubic feet 3.89 U.S. dollars, expanded by 6.6% year-on-year.
Yang said that in augmentation to oil costs connected to deliver and demand, but in addition included in the geo-political effect, the circumstances is very complex, consequently, it is not yet geared up to have a declare on the movements of oil costs, but restated that “the constancy of oil costs is the best.” He in addition incisive out that though the market stays volatile, but Asia has superiority over other environs, “we should sense fortunate.”
As considers the investigation and exploitation, the waters in China a total of seven freshly found out, and with partners after evaluation of five wells. BZ Group, Panyu and the Nigeria task has been put into procedure in March, while in Indonesia the task will be put into procedure inside the second quarter of this year.
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Saturday, May 9th, 2009
by yang himfr
Bricks-and-clicks is a business model by which a company integrates both offline (bricks) and online (clicks) presences. It is also known as click-and-mortar or clicks-and-bricks, as well as bricks, clicks and flips, flips referring to catalogs.
For example, an electronics store may allow the user to order online, but pick up their order immediately at a local store, which the user finds using locator software. Conversely, a furniture store may have displays at a local store from which a customer can order an item electronically for delivery.
The bricks and clicks model has typically been used by traditional retailers who have extensive logistics and supply chains. Part of the reason for its success is that it is far easier for a traditional retailer to establish an online presence than it is for a start-up company to employ a successful pure “dot com” strategy, or for an online retailer to establish a traditional presence (including a strong brand).
The success of the model in many sectors has destroyed the credibility of analysts who argued that the Internet would render traditional retailers obsolete through disintermediation.
Advantages of the model
Click and mortar firms have the advantage in areas of existing products and services. In these cases there are major advantages in retaining ties to a physical company. This is because they are able to use their competencies and assets, which include:
1. Core competency. Successful firms tend to have one or two core competencies that they can do better than their competitors. It may be anything from new product development to customer service. When a bricks and mortar firm goes online it is able to use this core competency more intensively and extensively. 2. Existing supplier networks. Existing firms have established relationships of trust with suppliers. This usually ensures problem free delivery and an assured supply. It can also entail price discounts and other preferential treatment. 3. Existing distribution channels. As with supplier networks, existing distribution channels can ensure problem free delivery, price discounts, and preferential treatments. 4. Brand equity. Often existing firms have invested large sums of money in brand advertising over the years. This equity can be leveraged on-line by using recognized brand names. An example is Disney. 5. Stability. Existing firms that have been in business for many years appear more stable. People trust them more than pure on-line firms. This is particularly true in financial services. 6. Existing customer base. Because existing firms already have a base of sales, they can more easily obtain economies of scale in promotion, purchasing and production; economies of scope in distribution and promotion; reduced overhead allocation per unit; and shorter break even times. 7. A lower cost of capital. Established firms will have a lower cost of capital. Bond issues may be available to existing firms that are not available to dot coms. The underwriting cost of a dot com IPO is higher than an equivalent brick and click equity offering. 8. Learning curve advantages. Every industry has a set of best practices that are more or less known to established firms. New dot coms will be at a disadvantage unless they can redefine the industry’s best practices and leap frog existing firms.
Pure dot coms, on the other hand, have the advantage in areas of new e-business models that stress cost efficiency. They are not burdened with brick and mortar costs and can offer products at very low marginal cost. However, they tend to spend substantially more on customer acquisition.
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Saturday, May 9th, 2009
by yang himfr
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as in some wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.
Numbering
To regulate these additives, and inform consumers, each additive is assigned a unique number. Initially these were the “E numbers” used in Europe for all approved additives. This numbering scheme has now been adopted and extended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to internationally identify all additives , regardless of whether they are approved for use.
E numbers are all prefixed by “E”, but countries outside Europe use only the number, whether the additive is approved in Europe or not. For example, acetic acid is written as E260 on products sold in Europe, but is simply known as additive 260 in some countries. Additive 103, alkanet, is not approved for use in Europe so does not have an E number, although it is approved for use in Australia and New Zealand. Since 1987 Australia has had an approved system of labelling for additives in packaged foods. Each food additive has to be named or numbered. The numbers are the same as in Europe, but without the prefix ‘E’.
The United States Food and Drug Administration listed these items as “Generally recognized as safe” or GRAS and these are listed under both their Chemical Abstract Services number and FDA regulation listed under the US Code of Federal Regulations
* See list of food additives for a complete list of all the names. * See E number for the numbers.
Safety
With the increasing use of processed foods since the 19th century, there has been a great increase in the use of food additives of varying levels of safety. This has led to legislation in many countries regulating their use. For example, boric acid was widely used as a food preservative from the 1870s to the 1920s, but was banned after World War I due to its toxicity, as demonstrated in animal and human studies. During World War II the urgent need for cheap, available food preservatives led to it being used again, but it was finally banned in the 1950s. Such cases led to a general mistrust of food additives, and an application of the precautionary principle led to the conclusion that only additives that are known to be safe should be used in foods. In the USA, this led to the adoption of the Delaney clause, an amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, stating that no carcinogenic substances may be used as food additives. However, after the banning of cyclamates in the USA and Britain in 1969, saccharin, the only remaining legal artificial sweetener at the time, was found to cause cancer in rats. Widespread public outcry in the USA, partly communicated to Congress by postage-paid postcards supplied in the packaging of sweetened soft drinks, led to the retention of saccharin despite its violation of the Delaney clause.
In 2007, Food Standards Australia New Zealand published an official shoppers’ guidance with which the concerns of food additives and their labeling are mediated .
Cases like these highlight the controversy associated with the risks and benefits of food additives. Some artificial food additives have been linked with cancer, digestive problems, and neurological conditions such as ADD, or diseases like heart disease or obesity.[citation needed] Even “natural” additives may be harmful, whether because of overuse (for example table salt) or because of natural toxicity. An example is safrole, which was used to flavour root beer until it was shown to be carcinogenic. Due to the application of the Delaney clause, it may not be added to foods, even though it occurs naturally in sassafras and sweet basil.
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Saturday, May 9th, 2009
“Online” redirects here. For the Brad Paisley song of the same name, see Online (song).
The terms online and offline (also on-line and off-line) have specific meanings with respect to computer technology and telecommunication. In general, “online” indicates a state of connectivity, while “offline” indicates a disconnected state.
The concepts have however been extended from their computing and telecommunication meanings into the area of human interaction and conversation, such that even offline can be used in contrast to the common usage of online (e.g., “I bought those Marcus Fenix figurines offline”).
Standard definitions
In computer technology and telecommunication, online and offline are defined by Federal Standard 1037C. They are states or conditions of a “device or equipment” or of a “functional unit”. To be considered online, one of the following must apply to a device:
* Under the direct control of another device * Under the direct control of the system with which it is associated * Available for immediate use on demand by the system without human intervention * Connected to a system, and is in operation * Functional and ready for service
In contrast, a device that is offline meets none of these criteria (e.g., its main power source is disconnected or turned off, or it is off-power).
Offline mailing
One example of a common use of these concepts is a Mail User Agent that can be instructed to be in either online or offline states. One such MUA is Microsoft Outlook. When online it will attempt to connect to mail servers (to check for new mail at regular intervals, for example), and when off-line it will not attempt to make any such connection. The online or offline state of the MUA does not necessarily reflect the connection status between the computer on which it is running and the Internet. That is, the computer itself may be online-connected to Internet via a cable modem or other means-while Outlook is kept offline by the user, so that it makes no attempt to send or to receive messages. Similarly, a computer may be configured to employ a dial-up connection on demand (as when an application such as Outlook attempts to make connection to a server), but the user may not wish for Outlook to trigger that call whenever it is configured to check for mail.
Offline media playing
Another example of the use of these concepts is in the world of digital audio technology. A tape recorder, digital editor, or other device that is online is one whose clock is under the control of the clock of a synchronization master device. When the sync master commences playback, the online device automatically synchronizes itself to the master and commences playing from the same point in the recording. A device that is offline uses no external clock reference and relies upon its own internal clock. When a large number of devices are connected to a sync master it is often convenient, if one wants to hear just the output of one single device, to take it offline because, if the device is played back online, all synchronized devices have to locate the playback point and wait for each other device to be in synchronization. (For related discussion, see MIDI timecode, word sync, and recording system synchronization.)
Offline browsing
A third example of a common use of these concepts is a web browser that can be instructed to be in either online or offline states. The browser only attempts to fetch pages from servers whilst in the online state. In the off-line state, users can perform offline browsing, where pages can be browsed using local copies of those pages that have previously been downloaded whilst in the on-line state. This can be useful when the computer is offline and connection to the Internet is impossible or undesirable. The pages are either downloaded implicitly into the web browser’s own cache as a result of prior online browsing by the user, or explicitly by a browser configured to keep local copies of certain web pages, which are updated when the browser is in the online state, either by checking that the local copies are up-to-date at regular intervals or by checking that the local copies are up-to-date whenever the browser is switched to the on-line . One such web browser capable of being explicitly configured to download pages for offline browsing is Internet Explorer. When pages are added to the Favourites list, they can be marked to be “available for offline browsing”. Internet Explorer will download to local copies both the marked page and, optionally, all of the pages that it links to. In Internet Explorer version 6, the level of direct and indirect links, the maximum amount of local disc space allowed to be consumed, and the schedule on which local copies are checked to see whether they are up-to-date, are configurable for each individual Favourites entry.
Offline browsing known as “Offline favourites” was removed as a feature in Internet Explorer 7, which now only supports saving single web pages, but not an entire site.
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